Punjab board Matric class 10th papers started from today 03-March-2012. The paper was held in a very peaceful way and no problem faced in any examination board of Punjab. At the first day only a few candidates appeared in the paper of Agriculture, Arabic etc. However, the first full strength paper will be from Monday, the 05th of March, 2012. The paper will of Biology / Computer sciences. All the arrangements in this regard has been completed and staff has been reached to their proposed centers. Security measures has also been taken in this regard. It is also informed that inter exams of the schools lower classes like 6th and 7th has also stared from the 1st of this month. The middle exams which were held under the Punjab Education Commission (PEC) has been completed. And the papers of the middle classes has also been checked and results has been forwarded to PEC for preparing gazette / marks sheets.
Saturday, 3 March 2012
Thursday, 1 March 2012
Change of text books at secondary level / Introduction of new text books at secondary level for all Punjab boards
Change of text books at secondary level / Introduction of new text books at secondary level for all Punjab boards
Punjab text book board Lahore introduced new books at secondary level these books are prepared according to national curriculum 2006 under national and learning materials Policy 2007 for the Academic Session 2012 – 2013
The books which have been renewed or changed are as under
Sr. No. Textbook / Grade Prepared by
1 Urdu – IX M / s Ch. Ghulam Rasul & Sons, Lahore.
2 Pakistan Studies – IX M / s GFH Publishers, Lahore.
3 Physics – IX M / s Caravan Book House, Lahore
4 General mathematics – IX M / s Ali Brotheran, Lahore.
(Arts Group)
5 Food & Nutrition – IX Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
6 Ethics – IX & X Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.
7 Biology – IX M / s PLD Publishers, Lahore.
8 Biology – X M / s PLD Publishers, Lahore.
9 Ethics – XI & XII Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
The board also instructed the papers setters for replacement of books according to above mentioned. These books will be available in market from the April, 2012.
Date sheet 2012 for matric class 10th (Part-II) all punjab boards
Date sheet 2012 for matric class all punjab boards
Matric class 10 (part-II) examinations of all punjab boards will start from 03
March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi
board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board,
Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board,
Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
05-March-2012 Biology / Computer sciences
07-03-2012 English (compulsory)
09-03-2012 Chemistry / General Science
12-03-2012 Mathematics
14-03-2012 Physics
15-03-2012 Urdu
17-03-2012 Pakistan Study
Matric class 10 (part-II) examinations of all punjab boards will start from 03
March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi
board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board,
Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board,
Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
05-March-2012 Biology / Computer sciences
07-03-2012 English (compulsory)
09-03-2012 Chemistry / General Science
12-03-2012 Mathematics
14-03-2012 Physics
15-03-2012 Urdu
17-03-2012 Pakistan Study
Date sheet 2012 for matric class 9th (Part-I) all punjab boards
Matric class 9th (part-I) examinations of all punjab boards will start from 21
March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi
board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board,
Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board,
Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
21-03-2012 Biology / Computer sciences
24-03-2012 English (compulsory)
26-03-2012 Mathematics
28-03-2012 Urdu
30-03-2012 Physics
02-04-2012 Chemistry / General Science
03-04-2012 Islamiat / Islamic Study
March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi
board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board,
Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board,
Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
21-03-2012 Biology / Computer sciences
24-03-2012 English (compulsory)
26-03-2012 Mathematics
28-03-2012 Urdu
30-03-2012 Physics
02-04-2012 Chemistry / General Science
03-04-2012 Islamiat / Islamic Study
Practical Examination Date sheet for matric class 10 (Part-II)
Practical Examination Date sheet for matric class 10 (Part-II)
Matric class 10th (part-II) Practical examinations 2012 of all punjab boards will start from 21 March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board, Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board, Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
Matric class 10th (part-II) Practical examinations 2012 of all punjab boards will start from 21 March, 2012. The date sheet for all punjab boards including Rawalpindi board, Bhawalpur board, lahore board, Attock borad, Chakwal board, Toba tek singh board, Faisalabad board, Multan board, Gujranwala board, Sargodha board, Shaikhupura Board for the year 2012 is as under
Wednesday, 14 December 2011
Western Scientists the founders of the modern chemistry
Robert Boyle is considered as one of the founders of modern chemistry. His definition of element is quite near to the modern definition French Scientist Lavoiier improved the chemical balance and proved that fire is produced by the combination of oxygen with combustible materials. Thus the scientific world discarded Stahi's phlogiston theory, above combustion. Chemistry appeared as a unique subject in the nineteenth century. During those days a large number of scientists started giving importance to practical aspects of science and based their activities on observation and experimentation.
John Dalton developed the atomic their on which the new discoveries of atomic structure were based. Berzelius suggested the symbols of elements and discovered the atomic masses of many elements Faraday studied thae process of electrolysis in detail.
Until 1850 it was thought that organic compounds could not be prepared in the laboratory because a vital force was needed for the formation. Wohler rejected this concept of vital force and prepared urea from inorganic matter. After this a large number of organic compounds were prepared in the laboratories.
Ostwald and vont hoff performed many experiments on solutions and thus the branch of physical chemistry came into existence Gibbs formulated many principles of converting solids into liquids and liquids into gases. Hess,for the first time studied energy changes during chemical reactions. After proper grouping of the laments, Mendeleef arranged them in the form of a periodic table. This arrangement not only helped in the detailed study of the properties of elements but also predicted the discovery of some new elements.
Madam curie did valuable research in radioactivity that had a great impact on the modern science of chemistry. The research works of Thomson, Rutherfor and Bohr helped a lot in understanding the properties and he structure of matter. Moreover these discoveries led to a better understanding of chemical bonds and chemical reactions. All these discoveries totally changed the traditional science of chemistry.
John Dalton developed the atomic their on which the new discoveries of atomic structure were based. Berzelius suggested the symbols of elements and discovered the atomic masses of many elements Faraday studied thae process of electrolysis in detail.
Until 1850 it was thought that organic compounds could not be prepared in the laboratory because a vital force was needed for the formation. Wohler rejected this concept of vital force and prepared urea from inorganic matter. After this a large number of organic compounds were prepared in the laboratories.
Ostwald and vont hoff performed many experiments on solutions and thus the branch of physical chemistry came into existence Gibbs formulated many principles of converting solids into liquids and liquids into gases. Hess,for the first time studied energy changes during chemical reactions. After proper grouping of the laments, Mendeleef arranged them in the form of a periodic table. This arrangement not only helped in the detailed study of the properties of elements but also predicted the discovery of some new elements.
Madam curie did valuable research in radioactivity that had a great impact on the modern science of chemistry. The research works of Thomson, Rutherfor and Bohr helped a lot in understanding the properties and he structure of matter. Moreover these discoveries led to a better understanding of chemical bonds and chemical reactions. All these discoveries totally changed the traditional science of chemistry.
HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Islamic period
Islamic Period
With the advent of Islam, the world was introduced to a new civilisation. No civilisation gave more importance to education than Islam did in the Holy Quran, Allah has repeatedly directed and encouraged people to ponder on and investigate thoughtfully the happenings in this universe. He has also emphasised to pay attention to the study of natural phenomena and the physical and biological principles and interpret them as Allah's manifestations (Ayat-Ullah). Man can get appreciation and understanding of Allah after getting the knowledge of the universe and the phenomena taking place in it. For this reason the Muslim scientists made rich contributions in all disciplines of science during the period of their political and cultural and opened the way for scientific and technological progress. The sound foundations for the modern science.
Jabir-Bin Haiyan is known as the father of Chemistry. He was the student of Imam Jaafar Sadiq. Imam Jaafar Sadiq himself was a well-known chemist durning his period. Jabir-Bin Haiyan modified the Greek concept of elements. He gave the metallic concept of sulphur and mercury. According to him the difference in metals is due to the difference in the amounts of sulphur and mercury present in them. He gave the concept of geological knowledge and practical arts of handicrafts, introduced new modes of theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry. He explained culmination and reduction scientifically and improved the methods of evaporation, melting, sublimation distillation and crystallisation. He extracted antimony and arsenic from the sulphides. He refined the methods of extraction of metals from their ore sand preparation of steel. He discovered the method of preparing varnish using manganese dioxide and applied it to prevent rusting of iron. He developed glass industry and water proofing of cloth. He prepared concentrated acetic acid by concentration of vinegar and developed the process of golden script writing with iron pyrites. Jabir's major contribution in chemistry is the discovery of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. He prepared Aqua Regia (Royal water) to dissolve.
Another famous muslim scientist in the history of chemistry is Prince Khalid Bin Yazeed. He wrote a book titled "Firdous Al Hikmat Fe-Ilmul Kermia". He translated many Greek book in Arabic. Abu Yousaf Yaqoob-Al-Kundi was also a famous chemist. In hisopinion it was impossible to convert one metal to another metal. It should be mentioned here that during muslim era and after that in the period of renaissance in Europe, there was a concept spread all over the world that some metals like copper and silver could be converted into gold through chemical reactions. Some of the ambitious scientists who believed in this superior ones using physical and chemical processes. They failed to achieve of the this concept are called Alchemist and this branch of chemistry is called Alchemy. This arabic term indicates that it was first introduced by arab muslims. Alrazi did a lot of work on the apparatus used in chemistry. He has mentioned twenty five such items in his book. He determined the specific gravities of the different things. Alrazi also classified compounds into four groups i.e., minerals, botanical, zoological and the derived ones. This division is still valid to some extent.
Aljahiz used the process of distillation for getting ammonia from animal urine. Abu-Mansoor differentiated sodium carbonate from potassium carbonate. He was familiar with arsenic oxide. Cupric oxide and antimony. He knew the chemical composition of plaster of Paris and its use in surgery. He also knew the technological uses of lead and copper. Abu-Rehan Muhammad Al-Beruni worked on eighteen precious stones and metals and determined their specific gravity. Buali Sina was an expert of many science disciplines. He studied the properties of minerals.
In industrial chemistry Muslim industrialists scientifically developed the paper industry. The muslims used their knowledge of chemistry in tile making and preparing glass and ceramics. They also introduced new shades of colours.
In short we can find countless Muslim personalities who did prominent discoveries in chemistry alongwith other fields of science. We have mentioned there some of the representative personalities just to expose the readers to the broad field of Muslim science. The period of scientific advancements of the muslims extends up to sixteenth century, which means that Muslim scientists led the world in sicience and technology for more than one thousand years. The knowledge treasures of the Muslim countries of the east and those of muslim Spain were then transferred to Europe. This transfer of knowledge helped a lot in the advancement of science. But there also occurred a loss to the civilization. Some people started separating science from religion. In this way the spirit of revealed wisdom of the Creator of the universe started vanishing from the scientific world. It is the need of the hour that the Muslims should start giving full attention to their scientific heritage. They should develop a taste, which their ancestors had, in the field of science and technology, so that they may be able to provide scientific leadership to the mankind and make this world a place of peace and happiness.
With the advent of Islam, the world was introduced to a new civilisation. No civilisation gave more importance to education than Islam did in the Holy Quran, Allah has repeatedly directed and encouraged people to ponder on and investigate thoughtfully the happenings in this universe. He has also emphasised to pay attention to the study of natural phenomena and the physical and biological principles and interpret them as Allah's manifestations (Ayat-Ullah). Man can get appreciation and understanding of Allah after getting the knowledge of the universe and the phenomena taking place in it. For this reason the Muslim scientists made rich contributions in all disciplines of science during the period of their political and cultural and opened the way for scientific and technological progress. The sound foundations for the modern science.
Jabir-Bin Haiyan is known as the father of Chemistry. He was the student of Imam Jaafar Sadiq. Imam Jaafar Sadiq himself was a well-known chemist durning his period. Jabir-Bin Haiyan modified the Greek concept of elements. He gave the metallic concept of sulphur and mercury. According to him the difference in metals is due to the difference in the amounts of sulphur and mercury present in them. He gave the concept of geological knowledge and practical arts of handicrafts, introduced new modes of theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry. He explained culmination and reduction scientifically and improved the methods of evaporation, melting, sublimation distillation and crystallisation. He extracted antimony and arsenic from the sulphides. He refined the methods of extraction of metals from their ore sand preparation of steel. He discovered the method of preparing varnish using manganese dioxide and applied it to prevent rusting of iron. He developed glass industry and water proofing of cloth. He prepared concentrated acetic acid by concentration of vinegar and developed the process of golden script writing with iron pyrites. Jabir's major contribution in chemistry is the discovery of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. He prepared Aqua Regia (Royal water) to dissolve.
Another famous muslim scientist in the history of chemistry is Prince Khalid Bin Yazeed. He wrote a book titled "Firdous Al Hikmat Fe-Ilmul Kermia". He translated many Greek book in Arabic. Abu Yousaf Yaqoob-Al-Kundi was also a famous chemist. In hisopinion it was impossible to convert one metal to another metal. It should be mentioned here that during muslim era and after that in the period of renaissance in Europe, there was a concept spread all over the world that some metals like copper and silver could be converted into gold through chemical reactions. Some of the ambitious scientists who believed in this superior ones using physical and chemical processes. They failed to achieve of the this concept are called Alchemist and this branch of chemistry is called Alchemy. This arabic term indicates that it was first introduced by arab muslims. Alrazi did a lot of work on the apparatus used in chemistry. He has mentioned twenty five such items in his book. He determined the specific gravities of the different things. Alrazi also classified compounds into four groups i.e., minerals, botanical, zoological and the derived ones. This division is still valid to some extent.
Aljahiz used the process of distillation for getting ammonia from animal urine. Abu-Mansoor differentiated sodium carbonate from potassium carbonate. He was familiar with arsenic oxide. Cupric oxide and antimony. He knew the chemical composition of plaster of Paris and its use in surgery. He also knew the technological uses of lead and copper. Abu-Rehan Muhammad Al-Beruni worked on eighteen precious stones and metals and determined their specific gravity. Buali Sina was an expert of many science disciplines. He studied the properties of minerals.
In industrial chemistry Muslim industrialists scientifically developed the paper industry. The muslims used their knowledge of chemistry in tile making and preparing glass and ceramics. They also introduced new shades of colours.
In short we can find countless Muslim personalities who did prominent discoveries in chemistry alongwith other fields of science. We have mentioned there some of the representative personalities just to expose the readers to the broad field of Muslim science. The period of scientific advancements of the muslims extends up to sixteenth century, which means that Muslim scientists led the world in sicience and technology for more than one thousand years. The knowledge treasures of the Muslim countries of the east and those of muslim Spain were then transferred to Europe. This transfer of knowledge helped a lot in the advancement of science. But there also occurred a loss to the civilization. Some people started separating science from religion. In this way the spirit of revealed wisdom of the Creator of the universe started vanishing from the scientific world. It is the need of the hour that the Muslims should start giving full attention to their scientific heritage. They should develop a taste, which their ancestors had, in the field of science and technology, so that they may be able to provide scientific leadership to the mankind and make this world a place of peace and happiness.
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